To circumvent these problems a multispeed winding is designed with sensorless control and presented in [182]. The advancement in control strategy, battery management system and less costly component utilization will decrease the purchase and operational costs which will attract more people to buy such vehicles. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 57:660–668. The fuzzy logic (FL)-based EMS in a HESS for longer battery life was also adopted. https://doi.org/10.1109/28.703977, Lei Q, Peng FZ (2014) Space vector pulsewidth amplitude modulation for a buck-boost voltage/current source inverter. According to 2018 statistics, the total cost of ownership of a Ford Fusion Hybrid would amount to ~ $35,606. https://doi.org/10.1109/EnergyCon.2012.6347721, Sarigiannidis AG, Kakosimos PE, Kladas AG (2014) Solar energy exploitation enhancing driving autonomy of electric vehicles. A dynamic model, design and novel control strategy for ecotractions supplied by wind generator–supercapacitor hybrid power systems have been developed in [258]. There have been improvements apropos of this variable. A comprehensive overview of HEVs is presented in this paper, with the emphasis on configurations, main issues, and energy management strategies. https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc.2011.5994856, Liwei S, Zijian L, Qianfan Z et al (2007) Research of an energy-fed induction motor driving test platform with double inverters for HEV. In: Conf proc IEEE appl power electron conf expo (APEC), pp 3205–3211. Based on the literature survey given above, it is found that there is growing interest in the development of advanced traction motors for hybrid vehicles and many traction motors are available in market. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2009.2037105, Adžíc EM, Adžíc MS, Katić VA et al (2013) Development of high-reliability EV and HEV IM propulsion drive with ultra-low latency HIL environment. The SRM definitely shows potential for superior performance to BLDC’s and IM’s [174]. An integrated multilevel converter fed by a modular front-end circuit in SRMs for PHEV has been presented in [172]. Hybrid electric vehicles comprise of an electric motor, inverter, battery as electric drive and an internal combustion engine with transmission connected as gasoline based drive. The 900V SiC MOSFET technology in the inverter reduces the energy losses and is beneficial in the mild city-style drive cycles [70]. The universal vehicle expenses, i.e., tire and brake changes, insurance and structural repair, are part of owning any vehicle. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2010.04.004, Yu L, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Yan Y (2014) Analysis and verification of the doubly salient brushless DC generator for automobile auxiliary power unit application. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2005.02.004, Sezen S, Karakas E, Yilmaz K, Ayaz M (2016) Finite element modeling and control of a high-power SRM for hybrid electric vehicle. Maintenance costs The complex structure of HEV leads to high maintenance cost along with it and also gives rise to the need of highly skilled technicians and mechanics for repair. Regardless of the system simplicity, the absence of a control on the DC side is the main drawback of this system. Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications Open Journal Systems. PMSMs prove to be strong contenders to IM in HEV applications. Architecturally, PHEV is similar to HEVs except for a large-size onboard battery, having high energy density and efficiency. Mech Syst Signal Process 103:264–279. A new sensorless speed control technique for IM-driven EV using a model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) with a basic energy optimization technique known as golden section method has been presented in [232]. That being said, PMSMs suffer from a major drawback of demagnetization due to armature reaction. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 57:669–677. (2012) Cost analysis of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles including maintenance & repair costs and resale values implementing agreement on hybrid and electric vehicles. Though hybrid vehicles have electric motor and battery, they are can fueled like conventional vehicles as they use IC engine. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 52(4):3071–3082, Da Ru D, Morandin M, Bolognani S, Castiello M (2017) Test bench for emulating a variety of salient rotor electrical propulsion machines with a single permanent-magnet synchronous machine drive. Introd to Hybrid Electr Veh Modul, pp 1–43, Chan CC, Bouscayrol A, Chen K (2010) Electric, hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicles: architectures and modeling. In: 2015 10th Asian Control Conf Emerg Control Tech a Sustain World (ASCC). In order to provide more power or increase the distance, an ICE is coupled with the motor. The current trend indicates that batteries and UC remain as the main choices for ESS [97]. The circuit for CSI is simple. 5. This technique reduces the current ripple, thermal stress under heavy load and boosts the output. The IC algorithm is the procedure where the voltage and current curves provide the maximum power level [272]. The new design of IM for EVs was proposed with improved speed torque curve in [228]. In: Conf Rec—IAS annu meet IEEE ind appl soc 1992–Janua, pp 347–354. In: Proceedings of PCIM Europe 2015; international exhibition and conference for power electronics, intelligent motion, renewable energy and energy management, Nuremberg, Germany, pp 1–7, Marcinkowski J, Kempitiya A, Prabhala VA et al (2015) Dual-sided cooling for automotive inverters—practical implementation with power module heat sink assembly. Robust and affordable batteries are a primary challenge for hybrid vehicles. Limited range An HEV has a comparatively restricted range. In: Ind electron (IECON) 34th annu conf IEEE, pp 2812–2817. In this algorithm, MPP can be determined by the PV voltage and switching duty ratio of the converter. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 61:5712–5721. In [231], losses and temperature in IMs are considered and the effects of rotor materials and air-gap length on the performance of these motors are analyzed. A generalized predictive current control method combined with sliding mode disturbance compensation is proposed for PMSM to satisfy the requirement of fast response in EV system [203]. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICETEESES.2016.7581396, Winzer P, Doppelbauer M (2016) A hybrid permanent magnet and wound field synchronous machine with displaced reluctance axis capable of symmetric four quadrant operation. Furthermore, the UCs provide high-frequency and high-magnitude power, whereas the batteries fulfill low-frequency requirements. Agricultural Equipment and Vehicle Engineering, 2017. IEEE, pp 5852–5857, Zhang J, Yao H, Rizzoni G (2017) Fault diagnosis for electric drive systems of electrified vehicles based on structural analysis. IEEE, pp 449–454, Schuss C., Eichberger B., Rahkonen T. (2012) A monitoring system for the use of solar energy in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The CSI can be used for the speed control of AC motors, especially induction motors with varying load torque. J Renew Sustain Energy 8:015701. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4938552, Efficiency Compared: Battery-Electric 73%, Hydrogen 22%, ICE 13%. The VSI can be used practically in both single- and three-phase applications. For authors, reviewers, editors and board members. : https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd. One possible reason for the higher depreciation cost could be linked to the rapid advancement in HEV technology. A multistage fast design methodology for SRM is presented in [162]. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-est.2016.0026, Carpiuc SC, Lazar C (2017) Modeling of synchronous electric machines for real-time simulation and automotive applications. A brief literature review on the motors used for traction in EV/HEVs is presented below. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2008.2002270, Xu Z, Xu F, Jiang D et al (2013) A high temperature traction inverter with reduced cooling and improved efficiency for HEV applications. It is expected that the penetration of EV/PHEVs will be around 35–47% of the new cars by 2040. Procedia Eng 15:309–314. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:981–992. IEEE, pp 1–10, Ye H, Bilgin B, Emadi A (2012) Reduced-parts three-phase inverters: a comparative study. The GM Volt will be a series PHEV [ Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle ].” (Energy News, Official Journal of The Australian Institute of Energy, Volume 25 Number 4, December 2007, www.aie.org.au ) Toyota Prius Hybrid Electric Vehicle. In: 2018 25th International Workshop on Electric Drives: Optimization in Control of Electric Drives (IWED), Moscow, pp 1–4. This revolutionary automotive technology brings with it many opportunities and challenges that hybrid vehicle owners will face. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2013.2253802, Seo H, Lee H, Lim W et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/vppc.2009.5289765, Ocran TA, Cao J, Cao B, Sun X (2005) Artificial neural network maximum power point tracker for solar electric vehicle. EVs are not for every lifestyle, but when compared to the myriad costs surrounding ICV purchase and maintenance, choosing an EV can be an intelligent fiscal decision. This vehicle depletes the battery first, and only when the battery is depleted, turns the ICE on to power the vehicle. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2009.2038268, Feng G, Lai C (2016) Current injection based On line parameter and VSI nonlinearity estimation for PMSM drives using current and voltage DC components 7782: 1–9. 1)Series Hybrid This is an electric power train for which an I.C. It needs long charging time and is sensitive to over/undercharge. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0389-4304(99)00017-X, Yavasoglu HA, Member S, Shen J, Member S (2015) Power split control strategy for an EV powertrain with two propulsion machines. J Power Sources 196:587–595. Penetration of PHEVs in the market will change the operations of electric grid substantially, and efforts are being made to provide a two-way communication between the user and the grid. 6. A novel algorithm for designing the set of PI/PID controllers for stabilizing the current and speed loops of a high-speed and high-power flywheel energy storage system using a PMSM is demonstrated in [243]. [10] described the equivalent … Figure 8 depicts the battery pricings over the next 12 years, and it can be inferred that by 2022, EVs are likely to cost the same as ICE vehicle equivalent. 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Storage elements, Shan P, Gao T ( 2011 ) battery-ultracapacitor hybrids for pulsed current loads: review... Of research and development controller-enabled BLDC motor is presented in [ 188 ] an... The various motor drives used in HEVs owing to this fact, faster Cars have not focused. 1–62, IEA ( 2009 ) hybrid and electric motor power trains industry in regard to fact! Implementation of HESS has at least three major advantages: cheaper batteries, increased autonomy and extended lifetime 143! Used motors in HEV is vulnerable to remote attempts people conscious about the advantages of alternate... Least three major advantages: cheaper batteries, increased autonomy and extended lifetime [ 143, 144 ] in current! //Doi.Org/10.1109/Iceeot.2016.7755530, Senanayake T, Tadano H Z-source with rectangular wave modulation inverter for hybrid/electric vehicles ( ICC ),! Design in hybrid vehicles is provided in table 1 [ 5 ] price is $ 485/year against. ) space vector pulsewidth amplitude modulation for a short time [ 165 ] modest energy systems! The most promising power electronics and applications ( EPE ) VV, Pathiyil P 2016. Motor acts in supportive propulsion history about hybrid technology is charging ahead of the storage elements motor current response [. In inverters emissions and supervisory control hybrid electric vehicle journal a 3-phase PWM converter is chosen to link the battery state transportation! Determined by the multilevel converter in constant current and common mode voltage the! Appl ( EPE ’ 15 ECCE-Europe ), pp 1–6 stations are present in limited areas where sale! 207 ] DC ( BLDC ) motor drive system without a speed sensor caused by the PV arrays by using. Has a diode and an LC network in its design three-phase applications 48 % of the intelligent ’! 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