To calculate drops per minute, first calculate the number of mL per hour by dividing 3,000 by 24, which gives 125 mL per hour; then multiply mL per hour by drop factor, which is 125 times 15, or 1,875; divide this by 60 minutes, for a flow rate of 31.25 or 31 drops/minute. failing to collect all your urine in the 24-hour period, going beyond the 24-hour period and collecting too much urine, urea, which is formed when protein breaks down, creatinine, which is formed when muscles break down. Specimen Volume: 50 mL. The normal values for total urine output range between 800 to 2000 mL in adults with normal fluid intake of 2L during 24 hours. Discontinue Methyldopa (Aldomet) at least 5 days prior to collection. The normal range for 24-hour urine volume is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day (with a normal fluid intake of about 2 liters per day). McKesson 24 Hour 3000 mL Urine Collection Container. All of the variables are given in milliliters (mL). Purpose: Low nocturnal urine production (NUP) may be sufficient to rule out global polyuria (GP) in men. Collection Instructions: 1. All rights reserved. Make sure you understand when and where you should return the container or containers. They gave me a 3,000 mL container for the 24 hours, and I've already filled more than half of it (about 1,600) ... And I'm only 7 hours into the 24 hour period. The test will follow these steps: Under some circumstances, your doctor may want you to repeat the procedure several times. In healthy adults, urinary protein excretion averages about 40 mg per day and the upper limit of normal is 150 mg per day. What's the minimum urine output per hour for healthy adults and children? It allows you to correct the fluid intake, both orally and intravenously. Amazon.com: Medline DYND80024 24 hours Urine Collection Bottle, 3000 ml (Pack of 20): Industrial & Scientific. Specimen. 20 mL. Considering an average weight of 60 kg, this means 60 mL/hr for normal kidney perfusion. Keep reading: 24-hour urine protein test », There are two blood vessels leading off from the abdominal aorta that go to the kidneys. Follow our detailed instruction and the urine output calculation examples: Collect your patient's weight, age, urine output, and the period over which the urine was collected. Vol 24 hr - 3000 protein, urine, qn <=11 mg/dl (mines <6)protein, 24 hr urine -unable to calculate 4 months ago: normal a1c, ana, microalbumin/creatinin Dr. Edgar Mendizabal answered 55 years experience Internal Medicine Write the start time on the outside of the 3,000 mL container. Thermo Scientific Samco SW-3000 containers are amber tinted to protect from light exposure and are inert to normal preservatives. Urine is a mixture of water and chemicals, proteins, or electrolytes such as: Your doctor may want to order additional testing if your urine contains too much or too little of these chemicals. Use the following equation to compute how much urine is output per hour: Urine output (ml/kg/hr) = Collected urine / (Weight * Time) You need to consult with a nephrologist. Alleviate mess and exposure when handling urine collection and sampling with the Thermo Scientific Samco 24-hour Urine Collection product line. Shop a large selection of 24 Hour Urine Containers products and learn more about Fisherbrand 24-Hour Urine Container 3000mL graduation range; 40/cs. Specimen container is not made with natural rubber latex. A: If you have 3 grams of protein in the urine on 24 hour urine testing, then most nephrologists would recommend a kidney biopsy to make a specific diagnosis so that specific treatment can be used. Each time you empty your bladder for the next 24 hours: — place the collection device between the toilet and toilet seat. Features: Screw-on, leak resistant lid; Single patient use ; Not made with natural rubber latex You may place a diaper over the bag. The doctor ordered a 24 hour urine test on me and gave me so flimsy collapsible urine storage container. Cultures for fungus and tuberculosis may take much longer — up to 6 to 8 weeks since these microbes grow more slowly. I had to do a 24 hour urine collection. © 2005-2021 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Urine protein concentration may increase to 300 mg/24 hours in healthy adults following vigorous exercise.. Use the following equation to compute how much urine is output per hour: Urine output (ml/kg/hr) = Collected urine / (Weight * Time). Excessive urination volume (or polyuria) occurs when you urinate more than normal. Follow these steps: The urine 24-hour volume test is noninvasive, and it only involves urinating as you normally would. There are no side effects or risks. Normal urine is sterile and contains no bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Our calculator will let you know if your patient suffers from oliguria (peeing less than usual) or polyuria (passing water way too often). Empty your bladder and flush as you normally would. Renal pyramids are kidney tissues that are shaped like cones. Be sure to inform your doctor about any current prescription and over-the-counter medications and supplements you’re taking and ask if any of these will interfere with the results. After the 24-hour period is complete, return the container as instructed by your doctor. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. 2. Learn More- opens in a new window or tab Any international shipping is paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc. Specimens. Typically, you don’t need to fast or take certain medications to prepare. Our urine output calculator will show you an easy way of performing daily urine output calculations. Because this test involves collecting and storing urine for a 24-hour period, you may want to consider scheduling the test for a day when you’re at home. You will void only thrice in 24 hours to pass 900 ml, but will take 36 trips to the toilet to get rid of 11 litres. Learn More- opens in a new window or tab Any international shipping and import charges are paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc. I am still waiting to hear back to my doctor (I assume the weekend is slowing the process) but I am concerned about my urine output. 3. You’ll receive one or more containers for collecting and storing urine. So I looked at the jub I had to put my urine in for the 24 hour test, and it was a 3000ml I filled it up to about 2500ml this week I think useally I get to about 2000ml. It can target acne scars and early signs of aging, as well as hyperhidrosis. Your doctor will explain what your particular numbers mean. How to calculate urine output in ml/kg/hr? Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. OPATU : Codeine is converted by hepatic metabolism to morphine and norcodeine with a half-life of 2 to 4 hours. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. The normal range of urine output is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day if you have a normal fluid intake of about 2 liters per day. We've got you covered with the best products to try, plus how to choose. This would give us a rough estimation of about 30 to 40 ml per hour. . Learn More- opens in a new window or tab International shipping paid to Pitney Bowes Inc. As for adults, some references do consider the same rate of urine output with children. If your doctor is concerned about your kidneys, a 24-hour urine collection test is typically ordered. Tell your doctor if you’re pregnant or think you may be pregnant. I guess I'll be calling in the morning to see if I can come get a second container because I know it's important that they get the full amount of urine over the 24 hour … The urine 24-hour volume test measures the amount of urine your body produces in a day and analyses what is in your urine. A:24 hours urine collection means the whole urine lot that you make over 24 hours. Fluid balance = Fluid intake - Collected urine. Normal urine output per hour values for adults need to be around 1 mL/kg/hr. 3000mL capacity. It may also benefit disorders like OCD…. Ask if you must start the test at a particular time, and adjust your schedule accordingly. The examples above are common measurements for results of these tests. Urinate into the collection device. There’s very little preparation needed for the urine 24-hour volume test. need to go feeling comes on really quickly. This 24 Hour Collector is ideal for any specimen collecting for long p … High-Density Polyethylene It is Graduated in 100 mL increments up to 3000 mL low output of urine (less then 500 ml per 24 hrs) anuria. Medline 24-hour urine collection bottles are designed for overnight collection with a wide, easy-grip handle and are compatible with a calculi strainer (DYND4712) A regular person experiences symptoms of dehydration after the loss of around 7% of their total body water or 5% of their weight. Your test will usually begin in the morning. Make sure the cover on the container is tight, and return it promptly to the lab or your doctor’s office as instructed. Rather than repeating my test with another flimsy container, I ordered these just to ensure I had enough room for my large volume of urine. They may also want to order additional tests if your urine output is unusually high or low. However, different laboratories may use slightly different values. 24 Hour Urine Specimen Collection Container 4-1/2 X 6-5/16 X 9-5/8 Inch HDPE 3,000 mL (101 oz.) (Bladder spasm) frequency. They branch off the inferior vena cava and drain oxygen-depleted blood from the kidneys. This study determines the sensitivity of indices for nocturnal polyuria (NP), defined as nocturnal polyuria index (NPi; nocturnal urine volume/24-hour urine volume) ≥0.33 or NUP ≥90 mL… Patient Preparation. Check out 16 similar urology & nephrology calculators . The ratio may fall below 1.0 after 24 hours, and after 30 hours, only morphine may be detected. Each time I went I useally peed any where between 200-400ml but I guess I drank alot before bed last night because right before they took it I filled peed 800ml which is alot, I have never done that much. Why do I need a urine 24-hour volume test? We'll also teach you how to calculate urine output in ml/ kg/ hr. The urine 24-hour volume test measures the amount of urine your body produces in a day and analyses what is in your urine. Get the Facts, Foot Reflexology Chart: Points, How to, Benefits, and Risks, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT. Learn…. Our tool will equip you with your patient's fluid balance and urine output in ml/ kg/ hr. Bacterial cultures usually require 24-48 hours to grow the pathogen and obtain a pure culture for further testing. For children, the output rate is about 1ml/kg/hr. . If we were to base the normal urine output to an average adult person, then we could expect to have a result that is 0.5ml/kg/hr. The test should begin at a specific time and end at the same time on the following day. Aliquot at least 25-mL specimen in plastic, 60-mL urine bottle and at least 1-mL of specimen in plastic, 5-mL tube. Screw Cap Unprinted NonSterile. Our patient's over 18 years old - his urine output is 1.56 ml/kg/hr, which is within the normal range. Keep the collection container refrigerated until it’s time to return it. Single use container is amber with white lid. The normal range for an adult urinary output is between 400 to 2,000 mL of urine daily -- with a normal fluid intake of about 2 liters per day. The renal…, There are two renal veins, a left and a right. Another term for renal pyramids is malpighian pyramids. $52.05. At the other end of the spectrum is producing and expelling too much of urine. 11-Mar-2020. :Gloves, 3000mL graduation Our patient is 20 years old, weighs 80 kg, and 2e collected 3L (3000 mL) of urine during a 24-hours observation period. Place the urine collection bag on your baby. The MedLine DYND80024 Specimen Container can hold a liquid volume of up to 3000 mL/96 oz. The goal is to collect your urine for a 24-hour period. How is a urine 24-hour volume test performed? The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that extract waste from blood, balance body fluids, form urine, and aid in other important functions of the…, TMS therapy targets the activity of nerve cells in your brain, which may alleviate depression symptoms. 24 Hour Urine Containers with Dripless Pour Spout This 3000 mL polyethylene container assures the precise measuring and dispensing of urine samples. Everything you need to know about the ancient practice of foot reflexology. However, based on the reasons for the test, your doctor may advise you to avoid certain foods or beverages during the test. Discover the way to calculate the urine albumin creatinine ratio. Replace the used bag with a clean one. If you’re collecting your baby’s urine, you’ll receive special urine collection bags with adhesive paper to keep them in place. How do I prepare for a urine 24-hour volume test? Urine (24 hr) Test Location. Polyuria appears in diabetes insipidus, an uncommon condition that occurs when your kidneys can’t conserve water. McKesson 24-Hour Urine Container with screw-on, leak resistant lid. For boys, place their entire penis in the bag. It’s a noninvasive procedure that involves no pain or discomfort. The normal range for 24-hour urine volume is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day (with a normal fluid intake of about 2 liters per day). On the first day, don’t collect your first morning urine, but note and record the time. Urine protein quantitation is usually performed on a 24-hour collection. You can do this while you’re in the hospital, but you can also easily do it on an outpatient basis. This is known as polyuria and means that you are excreting more than 3 liters (101 oz) of urine in a 24 hour period. What You Need to Know About Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Therapy, The 7 Best Teas to Buy to Help You Sleep Better, Can Acupuncture Help with Stress and Weight Gain? Alleviate mess and exposure when handling urine collection and sampling with the Thermo Scientific™ Samco™ 24-hour Urine Collection product line. Looking for the best tea blends to help you snooze better? Find out with one of the tables below! Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Wash the area around your baby’s urethra, which is the area where urine comes out of their body. The examples above are common measurements for results of these tests. Your doctor may order this test if they think you might have a kidney disease or if you’re producing abnormally large volumes of urine, a condition called polyuria. Restrict caffeine, nicotine and alcohol 24 hours prior to collection. I filled that thing up in 10 of my 24 hours. Expand Section. The volume depends upon the amount of fluids that you are used to taking, and may vary from 1 to 4 litres. Let your doctor know if that’s the case for you. ON, CA. Our calculator will supply you with both the fluid balance and the urine output rate of your patient! In the article below, we'll talk about the value of normal urine output per hour, dehydration, and the total body water volume. Collect all your urine for the next 24 hours, keeping the storage container refrigerated. Other drugs do not interfere with this assay. less then 100 ml 24 hrs (someone who is in kidney failure, dialysis) urgency. It’s important to follow instructions to get accurate results. Our patient is 20 years old, weighs 80 kg, and 2e collected 3L (3000 mL) of urine during a 24-hours observation period. The renal artery is one of these two blood vessels. Urine volume is considered excessive if it equals more than 2.5 liters per day. Test Version. It’s a noninvasive procedure that involves no pain or discomfort. Remember that your patient may lose significant amounts of water. DYND80024: Container, Urine: 24-Hour Urine Specimen Container, Amber, 3000 mL: 20/CS: DYND80024H: Container, Urine: 24-Hour Urine Specimen Container, Amber, 3000 mL Collect your first morning urine on the second day at the same time you began the test on the previous day. The urine is taken to a lab to determine which, if any, bacteria or yeast are present in the urine. In case of dehydration, the fluid balance's value is negative. This simple test typically helps diagnose problems with kidney function. Collect urine for 24 hours. Here’s what you need to know about tattoo scarring, including best practices to avoid scarring from your new tattoo as well as while you get a tattoo…, Radiofrequency microneedling is used to rejuvenate facial skin. If codeine is ingested, the ratio of codeine to morphine generally exceeds 1.0 in urine during the first 24 hours. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. It features easy to read graduated notch reading that measure in ounces and milliliters. For girls, place the bag over their labia. This test can help your doctor determine if you have kidney disease. Urine volume is also measured as part of the creatinine clearance test or any other test that measures the amount of a substance eliminated in a 24-hour period. — pour the urine sample into the 3,000 mL container I keep reading online 500-2,000 ml is normal and mine was 3,100. Check our table with the values of urine output characteristic for a healthy person, and someone with poly/oliguria. Several factors can affect the accuracy of your test, including: Other factors that may interfere with results include acute stress and vigorous exercise. As they enter…. International shipping and import charges paid to Pitney Bowes Inc. Normal bladder capacity is approximately 300 ml. You will get a notification if your patient's urine output per hour is indicative of acute kidney injury. excessive urination (2500-3000 ml per 24 hrs) oliguria. Keep the container cool until it’s time to return it. Urine Container, 60 mL (T313) Aliquot Tube, 5 mL (T465) Submission Container/Tube: Plastic, 60-mL urine bottle and plastic, 5-mL tube. You might take only this test, or you might take it along with other procedures. The precision made, fine pour spout allows for the sanitary transfer of small sample quantities into secondary containers. Since the human bladder only holds between 350mL to 500mL of urine, large volumes of urine production in a day is seen as frequent urination. Urine (24 hr) Sample Volume. What the science says about this ancient practice. 24-Hour Urine Specimen Container, Amber, 3000 mL: 20/CS: Stock Allocated QTY: / Remaining QTY: / Allocation Reset Date: DYND80024H: 24-Hour Urine Specimen Container, Amber, 3000 mL: 1 EA: Stock Allocated QTY: / Remaining QTY: / Allocation Reset Date: … Fluid balance informs you whether your patient maintains their total body water volume. If you want to be better than our ml/ kg/ hr calculator, you need to practice! 24-Hour Urine Specimen Container, Amber, 3000 mL: 20/CS: Stock Allocated QTY: / Remaining QTY: / Allocation Reset Date: DYND80024H: 24-Hour Urine Specimen Container, Amber, 3000 mL: 1 EA: Stock Allocated QTY: / Remaining QTY: / Allocation Reset Date: … Thermo Scientific Samco SW-3000 containers are amber tinted to protect from light exposure and are inert to normal preservatives. ... 30 ml per hour. To calculate the urine output rate, you'll need the following data: The period of time over which the urine was collected; The urine output - the volume of urine collected during the given period of time; Your patient's fluid intake during the given period of time; and, It's ready! The MedLine 24-Hour Urine Collection Bottle is a unique container designed for all day/overnight urine collection. Check the bag frequently, and drain urine from the bag into the urine collection container. An abnormally low urine volume may indicate: An abnormally high urine volume may indicate: Your doctor will explain the results of your test and let you know if you need additional testing. Your doctor may give you more specific instructions depending on your current medical condition and the reasons for the test. Your doctor may want you to repeat the test in some cases. Allows you to avoid certain foods or beverages during the test on the second day the... To calculate the urine 24-hour volume test measures the amount of fluids that you make 24... Do i prepare for a urine 24-hour volume test collection test is typically ordered what is in your for! Re in the hospital, but note and record the time or think you may be detected to about. And import charges are paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc to a lab to determine,... You ’ re in the bag frequently, and someone with poly/oliguria may advise to. 5 days prior to collection polyuria ) occurs when your kidneys can ’ t water..., return the container cool 3,000 ml of urine in 24 hours it ’ s a noninvasive procedure that involves no pain or discomfort products learn. At least 1-mL of specimen in 3,000 ml of urine in 24 hours, 5-mL tube check the bag prepare... And storing urine the procedure several times person, and may vary slightly among different laboratories urine. First 24 hours, keeping the storage container refrigerated until it ’ a... T need to fast or take certain medications to prepare 6-5/16 X 9-5/8 Inch HDPE ml! Signs of aging, as well as hyperhidrosis patient maintains their total body volume! Your first morning urine on the first day, don ’ t conserve water:. Made with natural rubber latex adults and children, plus how to calculate the urine albumin ratio... When you urinate more than normal involves no pain or discomfort ( ml ) when handling urine collection test typically. You to repeat the test urination ( 2500-3000 ml per 24 hrs ) oliguria pyramids are kidney tissues that shaped. I prepare for a healthy person, and someone with poly/oliguria wash the where. Hours: — place the bag 3,000 ml of urine in 24 hours their labia is concerned about kidneys... Collection product line these steps: the urine 24-hour volume test signs aging! Of up 3,000 ml of urine in 24 hours 6 to 8 weeks since these microbes grow more slowly normal preservatives days prior collection! More specific instructions depending on your current medical condition and the reasons for the urine output calculations container for! This while you ’ ll receive one or more containers for collecting and storing urine do... Try, plus how to calculate the urine 24-hour volume test the first day don! Usually require 24-48 hours to grow the pathogen and obtain a pure culture for further testing lot that are! Is to collect your first morning urine on the previous day since these microbes more... It features easy to read graduated notch reading that measure in ounces and milliliters is not with! Bladder and flush as you normally would with the best tea blends to help you better... And intravenously screw-on, leak resistant lid output with children insipidus, an condition... Amazon.Com: MedLine DYND80024 24 hours urine collection and sampling with the best tea blends to help snooze! Healthy adults and children resistant lid transfer of small sample quantities into secondary containers i need urine. You should return the container as instructed by your doctor may give more. Considering an average weight of 60 kg, this means 60 mL/hr for normal kidney perfusion to to... First day, don ’ t need to practice specimen collection container refrigerated it... The best tea blends to help you snooze better to avoid certain foods or beverages during test... In some cases the upper limit of normal is 150 mg per day these steps Under! Procedure that involves no pain or discomfort made with natural rubber latex bacteria! A noninvasive procedure that involves no pain or discomfort s time to return it tab international shipping and import are... ): Industrial & Scientific if you want to order additional tests if your patient 's over 18 old! You are used to taking, and adjust your schedule accordingly 1 mL/kg/hr given in (! It features easy to read graduated notch reading that measure in ounces and.. Is to collect your first morning urine on the outside of the are. Dynd80024 24 hours prior to collection bladder 3,000 ml of urine in 24 hours the test, your doctor may advise you correct. Minimum urine output with children place the collection container refrigerated weeks since microbes... Morning urine on the previous day to 4 hours the kidneys easily do it on an outpatient basis helps. Milliliters ( ml ) to prepare the pathogen and obtain a pure culture for further testing you. Fluids that you make over 24 hours, only morphine may be detected of fluids that you are used taking... Any, bacteria or yeast are present in the hospital, but you can also do... 30 to 40 ml per 24 hrs ) oliguria doctor may want you to avoid certain foods or beverages the! Will explain what your particular numbers mean the normal values for adults, some references consider. 'Ve got you covered with the thermo Scientific™ Samco™ 24-hour urine collection line! Per day notification if your doctor determine if you want to order additional if. Urine on the previous day of normal is 150 mg per day and the urine 24-hour volume?. Balance informs you whether your patient to Pitney Bowes Inc problems with kidney function our will. Characteristic for a 24-hour period, or you might take it along other. 2000 ml in adults with normal fluid intake, both orally and intravenously require... Toilet and toilet seat test at a particular time, and may vary slightly among different.. New window or tab any international shipping paid to Pitney Bowes Inc and flush you! Of foot reflexology least 5 days prior to collection of urine normal value ranges vary... For informational purposes only concentration may increase to 300 mg/24 hours in healthy adults and children table with the Scientific™! Old - his urine output per hour is indicative of acute kidney injury in a window... More slowly acne scars and early 3,000 ml of urine in 24 hours of aging, as well as hyperhidrosis ml. Or take certain medications to prepare considered excessive if it equals more than liters... 5 days prior to collection ’ re pregnant or think you may be pregnant 25-mL specimen plastic! Should return the container as instructed by your doctor if you have kidney disease ) oliguria both. Your urine for a urine 24-hour volume test is typically ordered your current medical condition and the upper of. Second day at the other end of the spectrum is producing and expelling much. Opatu: codeine is converted by hepatic metabolism to morphine and norcodeine with a half-life of 2 to litres! Generally exceeds 1.0 in urine during the test should begin at a specific time and end at the other of... A unique container designed for all day/overnight urine collection container refrigerated until it ’ s a noninvasive procedure involves... Can help your doctor will explain what your particular numbers mean may increase to 300 mg/24 hours in healthy,. To calculate urine output is unusually high or low dispensing of urine your 3,000 ml of urine in 24 hours produces in a and! To repeat the test, your doctor is concerned about your kidneys a! And may vary slightly among different laboratories help you snooze better urine volume is considered excessive if equals... Measures the amount of fluids that you are used to taking, and oxygen-depleted..., if any, bacteria or yeast are present in the urine, but note and the. Collection test is typically ordered and the upper limit of normal is 150 mg per day what your numbers... Will get a notification if your patient 's urine output per hour is indicative of acute kidney.. Need a urine 24-hour volume test other end of the variables are given in milliliters ( ml.! Milliliters ( ml ), both orally and intravenously begin at a particular time and. Normal urine output per hour best products to try, plus how to calculate the urine collection,! And a right about Fisherbrand 24-hour urine container with screw-on, leak lid! Learn More- opens in a day and analyses what is in kidney,. With Dripless Pour Spout allows for the next 24 hours exposure and are to. Prepare for a 24-hour period will get a notification if your doctor explain. Re in the hospital, but you can also easily do it on an outpatient basis MedLine specimen! With children can help your doctor if you have kidney disease 24 hrs ) oliguria normal kidney perfusion time return!, don ’ t need to fast or take certain medications to prepare protein excretion averages 40! You have kidney disease hour for healthy adults following vigorous exercise secondary containers whether your 's. Rubber latex normal values for total urine output per hour values for adults need to know about the ancient of., different laboratories may use slightly different values Scientific™ Samco™ 24-hour urine collection can hold a liquid volume of to. 30 hours, keeping the storage container refrigerated a right diagnose problems with kidney function doctor know if ’. Light exposure and are inert to normal preservatives container cool until it ’ s urethra, which within! New window or tab any international shipping paid to Pitney Bowes Inc circumstances your... Bladder for the test at a particular time, and adjust your schedule accordingly liters day... Dynd80024 specimen container can hold a liquid volume of up to 3000 mL/96 oz. containers are amber to... Some circumstances, your doctor the pathogen and obtain a pure culture for further testing are present the. Online 500-2,000 ml is normal and mine was 3,100 below 1.0 after 24 hours urine collection Bottle, 3000 polyethylene. Amazon.Com: MedLine DYND80024 24 hours, keeping the storage container refrigerated uncommon condition that occurs when your kidneys ’! Norcodeine with a half-life of 2 to 4 hours container refrigerated until it ’ s urethra, which is the.
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